SinoZion.com 犹闻为华 - for China/Chinese People & Jews 犹太人与华人交流与合作

A Marxist text which played upon contemporary society's prejudices and used the Jew as the symbol of the evil capitalist, it was written by ... Karl Marx, himself the technically Jewish (the grandson of Rabbis even!) since his mother was Jewish, although he did not consider himself Jewish and his father converted to Christianity, as was common among Jews in Germany at the time (mid-1800s).  The [[Antisemitism]] that this book reflects would, decades later, be used by [[Hitler]] to gain power for and direct the [[Nazi]] Party.

阿卜拉哈姆

Abraham rebelled against his father's idolatry.  Abraham felt the need to develop the idea of G-d, and G-d told Abraham to follow his commands and his children, the Hebrews, would become a great nation.  His wife Sarah was afraid she was too old to give Abraham children, so she instructed him to reproduce with the servant Hagar, who through Abraham bore [[Ishmael]].  G-d said to cast away Hagar and Ishmael, but don't worry because he will also become a great nation.  Finally Sarah produces [[Isaac]].

阿卜拉哈姆反对他爸爸的敬虚神的行为。阿卜拉哈姆觉得自己的人生目标就是把世主此观念弄清楚一点，神就教他遵守神的规则的话他的后代，希伯来族，会成为一个伟大的国家。阿卜拉哈姆的太太萨拉怕自己太老了不能生孩子，就叫他与女佣哈嘎茹生孩子。阿卜拉哈姆与哈嘎茹生了伊斯马儿。神叫阿卜拉哈姆要把哈嘎茹和伊斯马儿跑开，可不用担心，伊斯马儿的后代也会成为另一个伟大的民族。阿卜拉哈姆的太太萨拉终于生了伊沙克 [[Isaac]].

反犹太主义

Antisemitism is a nicer-sounding way of saying 'hate for Jews'.
In countries not dominated by Christians or Muslims such as India and China, Jews were historically welcomed and treated well.
In countries dominated by Christians or Muslims such as in Europe and Arabia, Jews were historically regarded as evil people who rejected the religious truth of the dominant forces. The Muslim holy book the Quran has significant anti-Jewish passages, and the Muslim tradition was to regard Jews as Dhimmis, or second-class citizens subject to many legal and social restrictions and occasional massacres. This is part of the reason that Muslim countries have waged war and continue to wage war on Israel. Even the secular changes of the Scientific Enlightenment of the 18th Century did not get rid of traditional anti-Jewish prejudice. (Can you guess which 19th Century German social philosopher wrote the book [[AWorldWithoutJews]], which played upon contemporary society's prejudices and used the Jew as the symbol of evil? Hint: Both his grandparents were Jews, but his father converted to Christianity.) Many Christians blame the Jews for the death of Christianity's god Jesus. The Catholic Church only changed its anti-Jewish doctrines at Vatican 2 in 1962, 17 years after the end of the Holocaust, and Mel Gibson's father is part of a splinter Catholic faction that rejects the Vatican 2 reforms. Some Ancient Romans opposed Jews' rejection of Roman gods, and the Torah's [[Exodus]] story tells of the Ancient Egyptian Pharoah's enslaving ancient Jews out of skepticism of their loyalty to the state. Hitler hated Jews partially for the practical reason that, inspired by the antisemitism of champion industrialist Henry Ford, he realized that scapegoating Jews for Germany's economic problems could help him politically, and partially because he felt the Jewish G-d is an "oriental despot" who was imposing a morality he wished to see erased on the "Aryans" (a notion of a genetically-perfected German).
See [[ConspiracyTheories]]

被开除在巴比伦

Due to political infighting, the tribes of Israel divided themselves into two states, Israel and Judah.  Israel was conquered by the Assyrians and most of its inhabitants were killed.  Judah was conquered by the Babylonians, and the Jews were kicked out of their land and forced to live in exile in Babylon (where Iraq is now), around 500 BCE.

To continue the story click on [[SecondTemple]]

由于内政，以色列民族分成了两个国家：以色列国和犹太国。以色列国被西里亚打败了，大部分人被杀了。在公元前500年犹太国被巴比伦打败了，犹太人被开除了，被逼到巴比伦（现在的伊拉克）。

继续请按 第二个教堂[[SecondTemple]]

"BCE" stands for "Before the Common Era", a Jewish way of harmonizing time with the Christian tradition that measures time "BC" or "Before Christ."  Jews also use "CE" for "Common Era" which refers to the time Christian tradition refers to as "AD" or "Anno Domini", Latin for "In the year of our lord."

See [[EarlyJewsInChina]]

Circumcision is a symbol of the covenant between G-d and Abraham's descendants.  See [[Isaac]].  The modern ceremony of a Jewish infant's circumcision is called a "bris" or "brit milah."

For people who hate and wish to scapegoat Jews, conspiracy theories are lies and slander that provide a theoretical factual basis for that hate and scapegoating.  
In the middle ages, Jews were accused of being vampires or of intentionally causing plagues, famines, etc. These days the popular one is [[ProtocolsOfTheEldersOfZion]] which compiles various lies to tell a story of Jews secretly controlling the world.  Also quite popular in the Arab world and Iran today is the theory that 9/11 was somehow the Jews' fault.

See [[Influential]] and [[Antisemitism]]

To find out more, or to help, please email admin@sinozion.com.  Thanks.   

请写信至：   admin@sinozion.com 。   汉语英语都可以。

To become a Jew under proper [[rabbi]]nical supervision.  Conversion under "Orthodox" Rabbinical supervision would tend to be most universally recognized, whereas the judgment of a more "Progressive" or "Reform" or "Humanistic" [[Rabbi]] would tend not to be universally recognized.

The Creation of the universe ex-nihilo - from nothing - is regarded as the start of the Jewish calendar, about 5,770 years ago.  On the first day G-d said "Let there be light!" and there was light, and it was good.  By the sixth day he'd created men, finishing the job, and on the seventh day he rested, which is why Jews regard the seventh day (Saturday) as a day for rest.   

To continue click [[FirstPeople]]

犹太人把宇宙的创造（本来一切没有）当作年开始算的时候。 （按犹太人的月历宇宙的创造是差不多5770年前的事情；今年[写的时候]是5770年。）第一天，主曰“让光亮！“光就亮了，而这是一件好事。到了第六天主已经创造了人类，把宇宙创造工作完成了，第七天就休息了。因此犹太人把每星期的第七天当作休息日。（而且所谓“星期六“就是每星期的第七天；所谓星期天是犹太人的星期一。）

继续请按最初的人[[FirstPeople]]

[[What did Jewish sage Hillel have in common with the Chinese sage Confucius?]] 
[[What happened 5770 years ago?]]
[[StoryofTheJews]]

A French political scandal that began in 1894 when a Jewish officer in the French army was falsely convicted of treason.  Writer Émile Zola courageously launched a campaign that eventually secured Dreyfus's release, but the episode revealed the depth of French antisemitism to many people who wanted to believe that Jews would be able to peacefully assimilate in European society.

中國古代的猶太人

The Chinese Jews called themselves Israelites (Yizuleye) and they entered China during the Han Dynasty (206 B[[CE]] - 220 CE). Towards the end of the first century CE, numerous western tribes migrated from beyond the Taklamakan Desert (Afghanistan today) to the outskirts of the Western Region (Xinjiang today). Among them was an Israelite tribe of priestly origin, who according to Chinese records, was sighted by General Li Guangli in 108 BCE. The descendants of this group of Israelite priests joined the many other tribes to settle in the special administrative units set up by the Chinese called shubang 属邦 (subject state system). The shubang consisted of: nei shu 内属(inner subjects) in which&nbsp; the Chinese administered the units directly, and the process of sinocization was relatively fast; and, shu guo 属国 (subject state) in which the tribes had more autonomy but the sinocization process took longer. Admittedly, the purpose of both units had similar goal: to teach the foreign tribes the Chinese way of life and then absorb them into the Chinese society[1].

Towards the end of the Han Dynasty (220 CE), the borders of China were wide open and many tribes from the Western Region entered and settled in China unfettered. Joining this mass wave of migration were the Israelite priests, who by that time they were “half Chinese half barbarians” and preferred the safety of China to the harassment of the warrior tribes. Descendants of this community continued to live in China unperturbed by outside influences. Occasionally, they were visited by Jewish traders and travelers who brought them prayer books and the Torah scrolls. An unknown Tang Dynasty (618-906) poet made one short mention of Jews and their synagogue in Changan (present day Xian)[2]; and a torn page from a Hebrew prayer book excavated in Dunhuang supports the existence of this community. [3] &nbsp;

The first time that Israelites referred to their own presence in China was in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) in the form of four stone inscriptions. During the late Tang and early Song, China was in turmoil. The Jurchen, a tribe in the north of China, was probing the Chinese Empire. Daily incursion and skirmishes challenged the suzerainty of the Chinese empire, and at the same time, internal conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism weakened the control of the emperor on the administration. To restore central control, the Buddhists and other creeds, including the Israelites, were expelled from China. Wave after wave of refugees wandered in search of safer places and many found their way back to the Western Region. Only after the Song (960) came to power, China wanted these refugees back. In a memorial submitted to the throne, a minister proposed a simple plan: make an open invitation to the refugees to return[4]. After lengthy deliberations, the Emperor accepted this plan, and with offers of land incentives, he invited the refugees to return and submit to Chinese rule. Among the returnees were the descendants of Jews who accepted the invitation and were granted an audience with the emperor. The emperor accepted the tribute of cotton goods they had brought to him, and said to them: “You returned to my China. Honor and observe the customs of your ancestors”[5].&nbsp; 
&nbsp;
More sighting of Jews and Jewish communities in China are recorded in the Mongol annals and by travelers and adventures in the 13th century. 

Yet, the first face to face encounter between Yizuleye and Westeners, did not occur until 1605 when Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary, met a Jew named Ai Tian in Bejing.[6]&nbsp; This was the beginning of Western interest in the fate of the Jewish community in China. 

Sources:
Tiberiu Weisz, The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions, iUniverse 2006).
Lidai Mingchen Zouoyi -Famous Ministers Memorials to the Throne in Dynastic Order. v.6. pg. 4382, Taibei, 1964 –in Chinese).
Ma Dazheng. Chief Editor. A History of China Administration of the Borderland 
A.C. Graham. Translator. Poems of the Late T'ang . New York Review Books. 
Pollack, Michael. Mandarin Jews and Missionaries. The Jewish Publication Society 1980
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
[1] Ma Dazheng. Chief Editor. A History of China Administration of Borderland (in Chinese)
[2] Poems of late Tang, translated by A.C. Graham
[3] Pollack, Michael. Mandarins Jews and Missionaries.
[4] Famous Ministers Memorials to the Throne in Dynastic Order. Vol 6, 4382
[5] Weisz, Tiberiu. The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions
[6]Pollack, Michael. Mandarins, Jews and Missionaries

This section was contributed by The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions author Tiberiu Weisz.
To continue the story of Jews in China, see [[JewsInChinaRecently]]
To continue the StoryofTheJews in the West, click on [[EnlightenmentAssimilationAndMarxism]] 

中國的猶太人 自稱為"一賜樂業"。 西漢代的時候進入中國西域。 後漢代末中央 政治衰敗了，漢朝滅亡而西域的諸族民族隨便進入中國境內。 諸族民族之間有一 個小 部 落 ：“深目高鼻”而 “多鬚”。 這样是 李廣利將軍（前 108－104）描寫 的那個小部落，比其他的部落分不出來，可是道理有點 奇怪，因為他們向唯一的 上帝祈禱。按照犹太人的圣经， 这個部落是古代的猶太人。 在西域屬國內屬里漢化了。

隨朝商業的發達，諸族來中國交易而居。加上在隋朝漢族和漢化的貴族官僚組成最 高統治集團。因為漢化的猶太人教育比較高，他們在長安聚居 而當官的理由是可 能性的。

唐朝時猶太人建築了一個聖殿。唐朝末回西域去了。

宋朝初太宗皇帝请他們回中國來。 猶太人留下了四刻石牌，把猶太宗教的綜合都 敘述了。

This section was contributed by The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions author Tiberiu Weisz.
继续看在华的犹太人的故事请按 最近在华犹太人[[JewsInChinaRecently]]
继续看西方的犹太人的故事请按 大光明同化与马克思主义[[EnlightenmentAssimilationAndMarxism]]

In the wake of Ricci’s report, the interest in the Jewish community in Kaifeng was more acute, though that interest did not translate into action until a century later. The Church appointed a resident priest serving near Kaifeng named Father Gozani to visit the Jewish colony. His visit in 1704 produced a lengthy report, but other than that, his conduct only caused a deterioration of relations with the Jews. Father Gozani tried to impress the Jews with his knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, he tried to read the Hebrew prayer books but to no avail. He had no knowledge of Hebrew. The Jews realized that something was wrong and they refused to cooperate with him any further.

A few years later in 1720, a French missionary Jean Domenge visited Kaifeng. He hoped that his rudimentary knowledge of Hebrew would restore the Jewish confidence. That did not happen; the Jews were more entrenched in their own shells with a high degree of mistrust towards foreigners. They believed that they were the last remnant of Judaism in the world. Domenge’s visit however, was not in vain. He left us the only visual sketches and drawings of the synagogue.

Other visits to Kaifeng were made during the 19th century, but by that time, the community had dwindled in numbers and wealth, and only a remnant of the community stayed in Kaifeng. The synagogue was in ruin and the few aging members of the community were ready to sell off whatever property belonged to the community. Some of these items sold are currently in several museums in the US and Israel.

Further Reading:
Pollack, Michael. Mandarin Jews and Missionaries. The Jewish Publication Society 1980

(This section was contributed by The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions author Tiberiu Weisz.)

大光明同化与马克思主义

After ancient Greek and Roman ideas in science and philosophy were reintroduced to Europe, the Rennaisance brought new prosperity to Europe.  Following the invention of the printing press, as literacy rates climbed, Protestant Christianity broke away from the Catholic Church, saying, among other things that people can read the books and have a direct relationship with G-d without going through priests or the Church.  The conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism became violent, but by the 18th Century more and more people held greater hope that scientific method, scientific discoveries and new inventions would create prosperity for mankind in a way that religion could not.  During the European Enlightenment, many new schools of thought emerged as to how humans should live.  As Europeans (including Jews) placed less importance on religion, Jews faced an identity crisis, and many Jews abandoned Jewish traditions and tried to blend in with other Europeans.  This didn't work; it meant the “evil Jew” of the Catholic tradition was now not just a theoretical concern in the books, he had now assimilated into society enough to become the non-Jew's colleague or even boss -- he was still to be scapegoated.  See [[AWorldWithoutJews]]

To continue the story click on [[Zionism]]

古代的希腊和罗马的科学与哲学重新被介绍到欧洲去了，欧洲重起时期带来了新的富裕。  印刷器被发明后随着文盲率的下降反对天主教的独裁结构的基督教分出来了。天主教和基督教之间的冲突引起了很多暴力和战争。可是到了十八世纪 随着人民对科学的重视的提高 ， 很多人开始期待一个被科学和技术带来的新的繁荣与和平社会。同时对宗教的重视下降了。 在欧洲大光明时期，很多讲在期待的新社会里怎么生活的新派出现了。随着人民（包括犹太人）对宗教的重视的下降，犹太人面对了一种身份危机。很多犹太人放弃了犹太教的传统而努力去被欧洲主流社会同化了。  这个方针没有起他们想要的作用-- 受到天主教的批评的所谓“邪恶犹太人“不仅是书面的问题了。融入了欧洲主流社会之后他是非犹太人的同时，甚至老板 -- 更容易拿来做替罪羊的！另外看 无犹太人的世界  [[AWorldWithoutJews]]

继续请按 重以主义[[Zionism]]

大光明前之欧洲

Though the Jews of this time did not have the SecondTemple as a base of worship, the Talmud included instructions for how to live dispersed among other nations, choosing Rabbis as guides, and setting up synagogues for worship.  As the Roman Empire expanded through Europe and took in more and more peoples, it became increasingly difficult for Rome to keep the empire united.  In 315 of the Common Era, to help maintain unity, the Roman Emperor Constantine suddenly became a Christian and demanded all citizens worship Jesus.  Catholic Church codified Christian doctrine of the time.  They determined that those who did not become Christian and accept this new state religion, Jews included, were evil.  (This was despite including a version of the Torah and related texts, modified to support their idea of the divinity of Jesus, as the “Old Testament” part of their holy book.  The teachings of Jesus's followers was the “New Testament.”)  An unfortunate result of this was [[Antisemitism]], and, especially in times of general difficulty for Christians, Jews were oppressed, killed, forced to convert to Christianity on threat of torture or death, or expelled entirely from countries.  

To continue the story click on [[MohammedAndArabia]] 

当时的犹太人虽然没有教中心的第二个大教堂，可是塔姆得本包括被分散在很多国家生存的指导，包括条托啦经老师，创造个社团的教堂等。罗马王国扩大到欧洲各地过程中统治皇国月来月难。公元315年，为了保持统一，罗马皇帝叩尼斯滕汀突然改教而成为基督教徒，要求皇国公民都要拜耶稣为神。天主教慢慢形成了，定了新认可的国教的道理。 他们判定不接受以耶稣为神的天主教的人，尤其是犹太人，是邪恶的。 天主教把犹太人的托啦经与有关书本调整以确认耶稣的重要性而说成“旧约“，把他包括在他们圣经里面。他们所谓“新约”讲耶稣时代以耶稣为神的人的思想。可惜的一个结果是欧洲的反犹太主义[[Antisemitism]]。  尤其在欧洲国家遇到困难的时候狠狠地压迫了犹太人。有时候还进行大屠杀，逼犹太人改教，或者规定犹太人都有离开某国家了。

继续请看穆哈姆得和阿拉伯[[MohammedAndArabia]]

出埃及记

Exodus is the story of the Hebrews' (Jews' ancestors) liberation from bondage in Egypt.  When a pharoah decrees death to first born male Hebrew children, one Hebrew boy is saved in a basket on the river where he is rescued by a lady from the imperial court, so this boy, [[Moses]], is raised as if he were Egyptian nobility.  Knowing he is a Hebrew and that the Hebrews are being oppressed, he leads a campaign to convince the Pharoah to set the Hebrews free, to "let my people go!"  Moses threatens Pharoah with escalating plagues from locusts to famine eventually all the way to slaying of the first born, and Pharoah finally relents, and lets the Hebrews leave.  But again Pharoah chases them, and Moses raises his staff to part the Reed Sea so the Hebrews can cross, and the Egyptions are drowned when the sea closes up around them.  The Hebrews quickly despair of what is to happen and revert to idolatry, but then Moses climbs Mount Sinai and all the Hebrews receive the Torah, a divine book of five Volumes -- [[Genesis]] [[Exodus]] [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]].      

To continue, click [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]

出埃及记是希伯来人在埃及当奴隶被解放的故事。埃及皇帝下命令要杀死希伯来人的大儿子。有一个希伯来男孩被放在竹笼子里浮在河里。此男孩被宫廷的一个想要儿子的太太抱养了。此儿子（名字叫摩西）受到皇家的教育，可是他知道自己是希伯来人而其他希伯来人在受埃及人的压迫。于是他进行了一个希伯来人解放运动。摩西叫皇帝解放希伯来人，可是皇帝不听。上帝就叫摩西用越来越大的灾难去威胁皇帝。皇帝终于释放希伯来人，可是释放后他又去追他们了。摩西抬起杖子来让河分成两边，希伯来人就能过河。可是追他们的埃及人淹死在又合并的河里。 希伯来人很快就失去对自己的未来的信心，又去拜假神，然后摩西登上施奈山，所有希伯来人受到上帝的指示：托啦经，分五记-- 创世记[[Genesis]]，出埃及记 [[Exodus]]，乐为记，数目记，与辞言记 [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]. 

继续请按乐为记，数目记，与辞言记[[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]

The Jews faced great adversity to settle in Israel around 1200 BCE.  Initially they were ruled by Judges but then they chose to emulate the nations around them and chose a king, who build the first temple, to house the Arc of the Covenant, the structure in which the original Torah was kept.  ...

最初的人

Adam and Eve's son Cain killed their son Abel... many generations later came Noah and the flood, and several generations later came [[Abraham]]

亚灯和伊华的儿子卡因杀死了他们的另一个儿子艾贝尔。。。好几个年代后诺阿与水灾故事发生了，又过了好几个年代出了人叫阿卜拉哈姆[[Abraham]]

第一个教堂

The Israelites brought the [[Torah]] (in the "Arc of the Covenant") to Israel.  First Judges ruled the new state, and then Kings ruled.  King Solomon built the First Temple in around 1000 B[[CE]].      

To continue the story click on [[BabylonianExile]]

以色列人把托啦经在所谓“保诺车”里带到以色列去了。最初是法官领导的，可是后来国王出来了执政了。嗦勒门大王在公元前1000年创造了第一个教堂。

继续请按被开除在巴比伦 [[BabylonianExile]]

Genesis includes such stories as:

[[CreationOfTheWorld]]
[[FirstPeople]]
[[Abraham]]
[[Isaac]]
[[Jacob]]
[[Joseph]]

创世计包括以下故事: 

世界的创造[[CreationOfTheWorld]]
人类的创造[[FirstPeople]]
阿卜拉哈姆[[Abraham]]
伊沙克[[Isaac]]
雅戈[[Jacob]]
犹色[[Joseph]]

Gentiles simply means non - Jews.

See [[What did Jewish sage Hillel have in common with the Chinese sage Confucius?]]

see [[JewsInChina]]

消灭犹太人之阴谋

Hitler meant what he said, and he gradually stripped Jews in German-controlled countries of all rights and eventually rounded them up in Concentration Camps for forced labor, and even when the war was going badly, Hitler diverted resources from fighting the Allies to exterminate Jews in the Camps. Six million Jews (half of Europe's Jewish population before the war) were killed.   

To continue the story click on [[NaziMuslims]]

希特勒说的侮辱犹太人的话不仅是用来获取政权的工具，他真的相信。执政之后他慢慢让德国的犹太人的权利一直到什么权利也没有被仍在集中营，很多大量被屠杀为止。战争情形对德国很不利的时候希特勒还把资源从战场转到屠杀犹太人上。欧洲犹太人的一半（六百万个）被纳粹党杀掉了。

继续请按 纳粹穆斯林[[NaziMuslims]]

Before the Protestant Reformation, illiteracy was high in Christian societies where only the Priests had the authority to read the holy books.   The Jewish tradition is one of rigorous study and intense debate.  Every boy must study some of the [[Torah]] to become an adult at 13 years old ("Bar Mitzvah").  In feudal Europe Jews were not permitted to own land or enter conventional trades, so they had to master skills which would become more valuable after feudal times. Perhaps these are reasons why Jews win about a quarter of Nobel Prizes despite being only a quarter of one percent of the world's population.   Unfortunately Jews' disproportionate influence provides fodder for [[ConspiracyTheories]].

伊沙克

G-d tells Abraham to sacrifice Isaac on a mountain. Abraham is willing.  G-d then says it was a test (or a joke?) and he's never supposed to sacrifice children (as was the custom in many other cultures at that time), but he and his descendants should circumcise their male heirs on their 8th day after birth  (see [[Circumcision]]). Isaac's older son Esau sells his inheritance to his younger son [[Jacob]] frivolously (for a bit of food), and  [[Jacob]] tricked Isaac to pass off his inheritance to him instead of Esau.  

To continue click [[Jacob]] 

上帝叫阿卜拉哈姆把伊沙克给抛售在山上了。阿卜拉哈姆愿意。上帝就说他在开玩笑，从来不要抛售人（虽然当时很多其他文化有这种传统），可是他和他的后代应该把儿子在出生后第八天割包皮 （看割包皮[[Circumcision]]）。伊沙克大儿子伊兽轻意地把遗产卖给小儿子雅戈，雅戈就骗伊沙克把遗产给他而不给伊兽。

继续请按雅戈[[Jacob]]

以色列

After Holocaust survivors fled Europe to go to Israel, in 1948 the modern state of Israel was recognized.   The next day, neighboring Arab countries invaded.  They invaded again in 1967 and 1973, losing every time.   Israel has made huge concessions of land to Arab neighbors to try to win peace, but whatever peace has been achieved has been a bitterly cold one at best.  Israel grew from a barren stretch of desert to a prosperous modern democratic nation, and even gives Israeli Arabs more rights than Arabs have in Arab countries.    

To continue the StoryofTheJews, click [[Struggle]]

See [[Israel-Definition]]  
For more of the reality of life in Israel today, see: http://www.israel21c.org/ 
For Israel - China cooperation, see http://www.IsraelAsiaCenter.org

第二次世界大战后，欧洲的活下来的犹太人的很多逃离纳粹精神还很浓的欧洲而到以色列去了。1948现代以色列被承认是合格国家了。被承认第二天周围的阿拉伯国家侵略了以色列。1967与1973年他们又侵略了两次，每次都大失败了。以色列为了和平付出的土地与努力很大，可是现在的所谓和平还是冰冷的，阿拉伯国家还把以色列拿来做替罪羊。100年前起以色列从人很少的可恶的沙漠被发展成现在的富裕现代化多元文化的民主国家了。他甚至给居住以色列的阿拉伯人提供他们在所有阿拉伯国家得不到程度的人权和自由。

继续看犹太人古现史, 请按奋斗[[Struggle]]

另看以色列的意思[[Israel-Definition]]  
看介绍以色列的中文网站：http://www.jewcn.com/
看现在以色列人的真的生活和以色列对世界的贡献：http://www.israel21c.org/
看现在以色列和中国的合作：http://www.IsraelAsiaCenter.org

1- The name, meaning "wrestles with G-d", that Jacob takes after the death of his father Isaac.
2- The land around Jerusalem in the Middle East where the ancient Israelites lived .
3- The modern state of the Jews in the Middle East. 

See “Why is the Arab - Palestinian [[Struggle]] against Israel in the news so much?"

雅戈

Jacob has twelve sons who become the twelve tribes of Israel, the name Jacob takes after the death of his father Isaac.  (Their descendants are thereafter "Israelites".)  The other brothers are jealous of Jacob's favorite son [[Joseph]] and they throw him in a ditch.

To continue click [[Joseph]] 

雅戈有12个儿子。雅戈的父亲伊沙克去世后雅戈把自己的名字改成以色列，每一个儿子成为以色列的12个分族。其他兄弟嫉妒雅戈最喜欢的儿子犹色，把他人在一个洞里面。

继续请按犹色[[Joseph]]

According to Jewish tradition described in the [[Torah]] and related texts, passed mostly through the ancient Kindgom of [[Judah]], descending to present-day people, a Jew is someone whose mother is a Jew, or who [[Convert]]s to become a Jew under proper [[Rabbi]]nical supervision.
Some confusion comes from the word "Jewish" which is sometimes used to refer to the Jewish legal / moral tradition and other times refers to something "of the Jews".   Gentiles (non-Jews), or Jews who have become more secularized, may also consider as a Jew someone whose father is a Jew or someone who considers himself or herself a Jew (i.e., who believes in major Jewish ideas), but Orthodox Jews stick to the matrilineal definition.

The issue of the Chinese Jews today is governed by political realities in both China and Israel. In China, the miniscule minority of a couple of hundred Chinese Jews is hardly noted in any registry, not even the local one in Kaifeng. Officially, the Chinese Jews do not exist. That does not prevent the small Jewish community from practicing their beliefs undisturbed, as long as they remain within the guidelines of the national minority policy. There are 56 recognized national minorities in China and the Jews are not among them. In Israel, the matter is of principle: Israel does not consider them Jews. The Rabbinic court decision to uphold the Oral Law (Talmud) version of “who is a Jew” (matrilineal descent) over the biblical origin of a Jews (patrilineal descent) had disqualified the Chinese Jews from being considered Jews. Only proven matrilineal descent fits the definition of a Jew. Since they are not considered Jews, Israel cannot afford to alienate China over a couple of hundred Chinese who claim to be Jews. Furthermore, China’s increasing economic power and the flexing of her political muscles puts Israel in a delicate political balancing act. Israel is in no position to challenge China. Nevertheless, the increasing presence of Jews and Israelis in China plays an important role in bridging the cultural ties between the two countries. They are unofficial ambassadors developing personal ties with the Chinese, and at the same time contributing to the introduction of Judaism in China. They went to China for economic reasons, and in the process, they have formed small Jewish enclaves that congregate in inconspicuous places in Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong etc. They are becoming a symbol of Jewish presence. Recently, a synagogue was built in Tianjin along with a commemorative place in Harbin; Ohel Moshe Synagogue is Shanghai is a major tourist attraction, and so is the Jewish hutong (alley) in Kaifeng. The Jews of Kaifeng, however, are a sensitive issue and any contact with the remnants of the Jewish community in closely monitored.

Further Reading:
For and in-depth cultural comparison between China and the Judaism see:
Tiberiu Weisz. The Covenant and the Mandate of Heaven. iUniverse 2008.
(This section was contributed by Tiberiu Weisz.)

To continue click [[TheWorldToCome]]

There are a few million Jews in Israel, a few million in the US, almost a million in France, and many small Jewish communities around the world.   

To continue the story click on [[JewsInChinaRecently]]

See [[EarlyJewsInChina]] 
and [[JewsInChinaRecently]]

犹太人在中国与中国犹太人 - 编写中。。。请再过几个星期回来

[[EncounterWithMissionaries]] 
[[JewsInHarbin]]
[[JewsInShanghai]]
[[JewsAndChinaToday]] 

To continue the StoryofTheJews click [[TheWorldToCome]]

Jews in Harbin.-  Ashkenazim
(by Tiberiu Weisz)

Jews started to move to Harbin, China, after the completion of the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1898. The rail transport allowed the Jews to escape the pogroms in Russia and cross the frozen tundra. Most of the Jews arrived in Harbin after long and tortuous journey from the Pale (a strip of land from the Baltic Sea in Poland to Russia) through Russia where they were not welcome at all. The harsh Russian anti-Semitic laws drove the Jews further eastward. Though Harbin was not the ideal place, it offered what Jews needed most, a place to settle. Perhaps the numbers can speak for themselves: By the end of 1918, there were over 10,000 Jews in Harbin and in 1930, their number doubled.

Hardship was not a deterrent to Jewish settlement. On the contrary, Jews used their creative skills to turn a section of Harbin into a little Jewish town, complete with small businesses, banks and cinemas, a theatre and a relative normal cultural life. They published a Hebrew language paper; a Yiddish paper called Der Vaiter Mizrech (The Far East) and established a Jewish school. Harbin was host of the Olmert family, who went to Harbin in 1919 and it was part of the heritage of the former Prime Minister of Israel, Ehud Olmert.

The situation changed rapidly after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Jews began to leave the city and by the end of WWII, very few Jews were left in Harbin.  Most of them went to Israel, Australia and the US.

Further reading:
Peter Berton. Jewish Life in Harbin. Bulletin of the Igud Yotzei Sin (English)
Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.) The Jews of China, 2 vol. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe 2000
Jonathan Goldstein. “Not Just Another Country: The Olmert Family  Sojourn Through China”. Points East. (A publication of the Sino Judaic Institute) Vol. 22 No 3. November 2007.

To continue click [[JewsInShanghai]]

by Tiberiu Weisz

a. Sepharadim

With the British Empire expansion of the opium trade in China in 1842, came a group of Sephardic Jews from Baghdad and India, who played an active role in the economic development of Shanghai. They were Jewish entrepreneurs like the Sassoon, Hardoons, and Khadooris who came to Shanghai to make their fortune, and at the same time, established the first Jewish community. They were observant Jews, and arduous Zionists. Jewish education was important to them and they had contributed to the establishment of Jewish schools, and the building of a synagogue. Sir Victor Sassoon financed the Jewish hospital, while Horaca Khadoori established the Jewish school that provided a well-rounded education along with religious studies. They also helped organize and maintain the Sephardim community in China.

Then the Ashkenazim came...

b. Ahkenazim

They fled the horrors in Europe before the war in 1939 and some ended up in Shanghai. Shanghai was an open city, also called the International City. It had accepted refugees from all over without regard to race or affiliation or documentation. No immigration questions and no papers were needed. The population swelled rapidly, adding over one hundred thousand foreigners to the already crowded city of five million Chinese. A year and a half into the war in 1940, twenty thousand Jewish refugees made their way to Shanghai. Out of this number only about 2000 lived in organized refugee camps such as, Alcock, Ward, Wayside, Chaaoufoong and Pingliang enjoying free meals. An additional 7000 lived adjacent to the camps and received free meals daily. But the majority of the refugees had to fend for themselves. Life in Shanghai under those circumstances was unbearable, and when people thought that living conditions could not get any worse, the Japanese invasion in February 1943 proved them wrong. The entire Jewish population was ordered into the Hongkew district, an area of about four square miles to live there until the end of the war.

At the end of the war, most refugees emigrated from Shanghai and settled in the US, Israel and Australia.

To continue click [[JewsAndChinaToday]]

犹色

Joseph is rescued and brought to Egypt and becomes an advisor to the Egyptian Pharoah.  The other brothers come to Egypt too and are treated well at first, but then later generations of Hebrews are regarded with suspicion by later pharoahs and forced to become slaves.  

To continue, click [[Exodus]] 

犹色被拯救，被带到埃及去了。犹色成为埃及皇帝的丞相。犹色的兄弟也到埃及。最初，埃及人对他们希伯来人（讲希伯来语的人）的待遇好，可是后来的皇帝对他们有所嫌疑，逼他们当奴隶。

继续请按出埃及记[[Exodus]]

乐为记，数目记，与辞言记

Along with [[Genesis]] and [[Exodus]] [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]] complete the [[Torah]], which from an Orthodox Jewish perspective contains the DNA of human existence -- the rest of the details about the rules for the Israelites (613 rules for life around the [[FirstTemple]] they were to build in Jerusalem) and the fate of Israel and the world.  Leviticus describes special rites for the Levite priestly caste.  Numbers describes the census of the different tribes and their roles.  Deuteronomy is Moses's final speech to the whole Israelite community about their destiny, getting to Israel, being cast out, returning, etc.  The Israelites are to prosper or suffer in relation to their observance of the principles of the [[Torah]].  The Israelites will have to wander through the desert for 40 years so the current generation can die off and the next generation that is not afflicted with the slave mind-set can be the ones who take possession of the Promised Land -- Israel.   

To continue the story click on [[FirstTemple]]

对正统派的犹太人来说，上帝是看托啦经来创造世界的。创世记，出埃及记，后乐为记，数目记，与辞言记讲剩下的将来成为以色列人（包括犹太人）的一共613条围绕着耶鲁萨勒姆的教堂生活的规则。这些书记还包括以色列人和整个世界的命运。乐为记讲以色列人圣族乐为人的特别权利和责任。数目记讲每个分族的人口以及责任。辞言记是摩西最后讲给所有快成为以色列人的人的演讲，有关到达以色列，被开除，回以色列，等命运方面。 以色列人会按照托啦经道理的遵守程度而得到光荣或面对灾难。希伯来人得在沙漠里再留40年有努力思想的当代人都去世，新一代人才可以获取上帝保诺的土地，就是以色列。

继续请按第一个教堂[[FirstTemple]]

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[[汉语目录]]
[[StoryofTheJews]]
[[Questions]] 
[[JewsInChina]] 
[[SiteProgress]]
[[TermsAndConditions]]
[[ContactUs]]

Jews who respect the traditional matrilineal interpretation of what constitutes a [[Jew]] may consider that a non-Jewish woman would have to [[Convert]] to become a Jew in order to produce a Jewish child.  If a Chinese man marries a Jewish woman, the children are Jewish, so this would not be an issue.

穆哈姆得和阿拉伯

After the RomanConquest of Israel, Jews were scattered through Europe and the Middle East.  Europe, under the control of the Roman Empire, became Christian.  Arabia had a different approach to uniting under G-d.   In the seventh century CE, an Arab merchant named Mohammed claimed on divine authority that the Jews did not understand the Torah correctly, and the Christians did not understand their holy texts correctly (for example, Jesus is not divine), but what he himself revealed to the world was the final word of G-d.   When he and his followers created their new religion of Islam they used ideas and traditions that were similar to those of the Jews, such as a requirement of circumcision (he said Ishmael was the legitimate heir of Abraham and Muslims are Ishmael's descendants) and a prohibition on eating pork and some other meats).   The Muslim holy book, the Quran, describes his story, and additional texts elaborate on how to live as a Muslim.  The Muslim calendar begins the year Mohammed gains political power over a city, which power Muslims later expanded until they came to wage holy war (Jihad) against Europe, and Europe retaliated with its own form of holy war, the Crusades. Mohammed expected Jews would be the first to appreciate his new religion, and early parts of the Quran describe Jews favorably, but after Jews were not as receptive to his plan as he hoped (and even opposed him), he became quite angry at Jews, at least at those who resisted him.   Consequently the Quran has significant anti-Jewish passages.  Muslim tradition evolved to regard Jews (and Christians and other “people of the book”) as Dhimmis, or second-class citizens subject to many legal and social restrictions, and occasional massacres.  Despite such onerous circumstances, "the greatest Jew since Moses" [[Maimonides]] wrote important texts and served as a doctor for Islamic leaders in the 12th Century.   Maimonides wrote a normative philosophical explanation for much of Jewish tradition.  He also had the generosity of spirit to suggest that it should not be surprising that such  paths as Christianity and Islam have emerged to bring knowledge of the Torah to people around the world.   

To continue the story click on [[EarlyJewsInChina]]

罗马打败以色列之后，犹太人被分散在欧洲和中东。在罗马王国控制下欧洲入了天主教。阿拉伯对在上帝下统一的概念有所区别。公元第七世纪有了一个阿拉伯商人叫穆哈姆的。他说上帝告诉他犹太人对托啦经的理解不完全对，而天主教/基督教教徒对他们的圣经的理解也不对（比如耶稣只不过是先知）。穆哈姆的说他自己是最后的先知。他和他的徒弟创造了新的宗教伊斯兰教时，很多礼仪以犹太教的礼仪为基础。比如说割包皮（他说伊斯马儿是阿卜拉哈姆的合格后代而穆斯林是伊斯马儿的后代）和猪肉等食品的限制。
穆斯林的古兰经讲的是穆哈姆得的故事，有关伊斯兰教经书讲怎么像他学习，做好穆斯林。穆斯林的月历是穆哈姆得获取一个城市的政权的时候开始算得。此政权他和后来的穆斯林扩展到了中东大部分和欧洲的几个国家了。穆斯林对欧洲的所谓神圣进攻（“及蛤得“）引起了欧洲的反抗的所谓十字攻击（“苦思爱得“）。 穆哈姆得最初以为犹太人应该是最会赞成他的新的教的，于是古兰经的前面的部分讲赞扬犹太人的话。可是犹太人对他的反对让他勃然大怒。所以古兰经的后面的部分讲对犹太人非常坏的话。伊斯兰教国家慢慢形成了一个让犹太人以及其他“读经的人“在穆斯林社会作二等公民的政策。法律限制很多，而有时候遇到了穆斯林对他们的大屠杀。 虽然如此“摩西后最伟大犹太人“麦模尼迪在公园12世纪写了很多很有影响的书而帮伊斯兰国家领导作了医生。麦模尼迪写的包括用一般哲学来解释犹太教的很多思想的书。他还说天主教/基督教与伊斯兰教的出现是让世界人民得到对托啦经的理解的果然的分道。

继续请按 早到华犹太人[[EarlyJewsInChina]]

In Jewish tradition, Moses was the human implement of the Jews' divine liberation from bondage in Egypt, raised as Egyptian royalty despite his background, the most humble man ever.

纳粹穆斯林

Much of the Arab world was also on Hitler's side.  They were already seething with rage at the idea that the Jews might have their own state, especially since it was right there among the Arabs in the Middle East.  (In traditional Muslim thought, the Jews were supposed to be a cursed people destined to roam the Earth without a state, as punishment for their wickedness.)  In 1941 the leader of the Palestinian Arabs (Arabs in what was then called "Palestine" (now Israel and Jordan)) al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, went to Germany, met with Hitler and exchanged ideas for blaming and killing Jews with Hitler.  Husseini then became a Nazi general, formed a Nazi Muslim regiment in Europe, and brought Hitler's ideas (and European ConspiracyTheories) back to the Middle East, where they remain strong to this day.  Husseini was a mentor to the families of both Yassir Arafat and Saddam Hussein.   

To continue the story click on [[Israel]]

第二次世界大战时阿拉伯人大多数支持希特勒。他们已经很愤怒地看待犹太人打算成立属于犹太人的国家这个消息上。（按照传统伊斯兰教的想法，犹太人是只能无自己的国家运命是要到处流浪的不接受伊斯兰教所以邪恶的人。） 1941年巴勒斯坦（当时是以色列和约旦）阿拉伯领导户赛尼到德国去亲自与希特勒交换了怪犹太人屠杀犹太人的主义。户赛尼就成为纳粹党的将官，成立在欧洲的纳粹暮色林部队，又把希特勒的想法（与欧洲当时的侮辱犹太人的阴谋论）带回中东去了。 户赛尼阿拉法特与萨达姆家庭的指导着，而他的纳粹思想在中东一直到现在还是影响很大。

继续请按 以色列[[Israel]]

纳粹党

Hitler was a former World War I German Army soldier who was inconsolably bitter about Germany's loss of the war, and about the humiliating Versailles Treaty that helped lead to Weimar German's terrible economic conditions.  (The 1929 US economic Great Depression did not help either.)   As Hitler looked at ideas for German industry, he observed that the great US car maker Henry Ford was promoting ConspiracyTheories against Jews.  Hitler realized that if he blamed the Jews (for Germany's war defeat, and for current economic problems, and for diverting Communism from its due domestic focus), he could draw Nationalists away from the Communist Party into his new National  Socialist (Nazi) party.  Adding in pseudo-scientific ideas of a purified German race and ideas about liberating Germany's animal spirit from the Jewish idea of G-d (“an Eastern despot” he called it), he had a formula that was sufficient to attract substantial German support.  After his failed coup attempt in 1922, he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while he was in jail in 1923.  By 1933 he attained a plurality of political power, and once he was in the government he burned down the parliament and mercilessly killed anyone who got in the way of his complete authoritarian control.  Preposterously, during his rise, even many German Jews thought he was just saying what he had to say as a politician and that his ideas and boldness would help revive the German economy.   Preposterously as well, European neighbors like France and England responded to his re-armament and invasions of neighboring territories with a policy of Appeasement.  When Britain's Churchill pointed out that the only way to stop Hitler would be with force, Churchill was denounced by England's other politicians and academics as a war-monger.  

To continue the story click on [[Holocaust]]

希特勒在第一次世界大战时是德国军的兵。德国失败了后他非常失望。德国签署的不公平条约让德国不景气，而让他勃然大怒。 希特勒寻找改善德国工业化的时候他知道了美国最成功的汽车制造者亨利福特提倡侮辱犹太人的阴谋论。希特勒想到了拿犹太人来做替罪羊（有关第一次世界大战的失败，当时的经济问题，把社会主义当作全世界的运动而不把注意力集中在德国上，等）他可以让很多人离开德国共产党而加入他的新得国民社会主义（简称纳粹）党。加上有德国民族优生学妙论与从犹太人的所谓“东方独裁者“上帝的控制下把德国人的像动物的精神解放出来的思想，他就会吸引比较多的德国人。他22年企图推翻德国政府失败后，希特勒在23年坐牢的时候把它的政治思想写成了一本叫“我的奋斗“的书。到了33年他的纳粹党的票分比其他党都多。希特勒参政之后把议会大堂给燃烧了，把反对他的人也杀掉一直到他有了无线的政权为止。一件奇怪的事是在他得到无限的政权的过程中连很多德国犹太人都以为希特勒只不过在说政治家必须得说的话而不在表达他的真心并且希特勒的大胆的新的精神也真的会改善德国经济。 另一件奇怪的事是德国周围的国家像法国和英国对希特勒的暴力扩大领土方针的反应不是反对而是一再让步。 英国查儒持西尔说像希特勒这种人只有武力才能对付的时候，英国大部分政治界学术界的评论家都说查儒持西尔是会引起大战乱说话的人。最后查儒持西尔是对的。 

继续请按 消灭犹太人之阴谋[[Holocaust]]

Type the text for 'News'

See Why is the Arab - Palestinian [[Struggle]] against Israel in the news so much?

To continue the story click on [[SaudiWahhabismAndIranianTerrorism]]

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config.macros.option.passwordInputType = "password"; // password | text
setStylesheet(".pasOptionInput {width: 11em;}\n","passwordInputTypeStyle");

merge(config.macros.option.types, {
	'pas': {
		elementType: "input",
		valueField: "value",
		eventName: "onkeyup",
		className: "pasOptionInput",
		typeValue: config.macros.option.passwordInputType,
		create: function(place,type,opt,className,desc) {
			// password field
			config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'pas',opt,className,desc);
			// checkbox linked with this password "save this password on this computer"
			config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'chk','chk'+opt,className,desc);			
			// text savePasswordCheckboxLabel
			place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(config.macros.option.passwordCheckboxLabel));
		},
		onChange: config.macros.option.genericOnChange
	}
});

merge(config.optionHandlers['chk'], {
	get: function(name) {
		// is there an option linked with this chk ?
		var opt = name.substr(3);
		if (config.options[opt]) 
			saveOptionCookie(opt);
		return config.options[name] ? "true" : "false";
	}
});

merge(config.optionHandlers, {
	'pas': {
 		get: function(name) {
			if (config.options["chk"+name]) {
				return encodeCookie(config.options[name].toString());
			} else {
				return "";
			}
		},
		set: function(name,value) {config.options[name] = decodeCookie(value);}
	}
});

// need to reload options to load passwordOptions
loadOptionsCookie();

/*
if (!config.options['pasPassword'])
	config.options['pasPassword'] = '';

merge(config.optionsDesc,{
		pasPassword: "Test password"
	});
*/
//}}}

http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/278542/jewish/2-Bread.htm
http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/956503/jewish/Modeh-Ani-1.htm

A Russian Czarist official took the dramatic French conspiracy theory about a sinister group taking over the world and repackaged it as if it were revealing Jewish secrets.  For people who hate and wish to scapegoat Jews, the book provides a (ridiculous) theoretical basis in (false) fact.  In the late 19th and early 20th Century it was very popular in Russia and Europe.  In the 1910s, antisemitic U.S. industrial pioneer Henry Ford financed the publication and distribution of the book, helping inspire Hitler.   The book has been the second-most-popular book in the Middle East (excluding Israel) for many years.   See [[Antisemitism]] and [[ConspiracyTheories]]

问提

To ask a question please email questions@sinozion.com.  Thanks.   
提问信请写至：questions@sinozion.com.  谢谢.    

[[What is a Jew?]]
犹太人是什么人？

[[What is Messiah?]]
犹太人的救世主义是什么道理？

[[What relation does Judaism have with Christianity and Islam?]]  
犹太人，基督教/天主教徒，穆斯林 有什么区别？

[[What relation does Judaism have with Confucianism and Taoism?]] 
犹太教，儒家与道家有什么关系？

Why do some people scapegoat Jews?: See [[Antisemitism]] and [[ConspiracyTheories]].
为什么有的人把犹太人拿来做替罪羊？请看[[Antisemitism]]（反犹太主义）以及 [[ConspiracyTheories]]（阴谋论）

Why is the Arab - Palestinian [[Struggle]] against Israel in the news so much?
为什么新闻媒体老讨论阿拉伯巴勒斯坦反对以色列的斗争？

Why do Jews practice [[Circumcision]]?
为什么犹太人有割包皮的传统？

Why do Jews wear special [[Hats]]?
为什么犹太人有带帽子的传统？

Why do Jews keep [[Kosher]]?
对犹太人饭菜怎么算可不可食？为什么？

Are Jews disproportionately [[Influential]]?  Why?  
犹太人的势力是否过于人数比例？为什么？

Are there [[JewsInChina]] or even [[ChineseJews]]?
中国有过犹太人吗？有中国犹太人吗？

Do Jews [[Marry]] Chinese?  
犹太人会与中国人结婚吗？

[[What did Jewish sage Hillel have in common with the Chinese sage Confucius?]] 
犹太大师希累儿与儒家大师孔子有什么共同之处？

The literal translation of Rabbi is "teacher", which is to say a rabbi is not morally superior or closer to G-d than a normal person, but the rabbi can be expected to be particularly familiar with [[Torah]] and related texts.

被罗马打败

Since the 3rd Century B[[CE]] when the Torah and then other related texts were translated into Greek, Torah ideas became popular among some Greek and Roman intellectuals.  Some even called the Jews the exemplars of the Greek and Roman philosophical ideal (Stoicism).  However this respect would not be enough to assure Israel's survival.   When Rome conquered new territories, it included their gods in the Roman pantheon.  Religious Jews rejected Roman gods, and insisted on one G-d.  Roman civilization and Jewish civilization had many conflicting values, and it became clear to the Jews that Rome would eventually not settle with Israel as an autonomous colony, and Rome would destroy Israel and the SecondTemple.  Jews were divided as to how to survive this eventual RomanConquest (which occurred around 100 CE).  Some people claimed to be the Jews' Messiah, or savior, and advocated certain spiritual or military programs for Jewish survival； Jesus was among these Jews.   Some Jews were happy to assimilate into Roman society.  Jews who did not similarly assimilate were regularly crucified.  Some religious Jews took the crucial step of writing down the oral traditions of the time in the Talmud, a set books that would become fundamental guides for the Jews after RomanConquest.   

To continue the story click on [[EuropeBeforeEnlightenment]] 

公元前300年托啦经与有关书本被翻译成希腊文之后，此书本在希腊和罗马知识分子圈子里面的影响很大。有的罗马人甚至称赞犹太人最表现古希腊和罗马的哲学（斯多亚主义）的理想。可是此部分人的尊敬不足于保证以色列的保护。罗马军大败新的国家的时候，把新的领土的神加入罗马众神庙里了。可是犹太人不接受罗马的一切神，固执地坚持一个上帝。罗马文化与犹太文化价值观的冲突很大，犹太人慢慢了解到了到了最后罗马会消灭以色列的。关于怎么面对教堂与国家的将来的（公元100年确实发生的）打败，犹太人想出来了很多种主义。 有人说自己是救世主，提倡了某种军事或精神上的面对罗马而保持犹太人的存在的方案， 耶稣是其中之一。 有的犹太人愿意被罗马同化了。不愿意被同化的经常被杀在十字上了。有的保守犹太人把口头知道而仍未写下来的犹太人传统纪录在新的一本塔姆得。此塔姆得在被罗马打败后是犹太人继续存在的关键。

继续请看大光明前之欧洲[[EuropeBeforeEnlightenment]]

Saudi Arabia, which does not allow non-Muslims into the Muslim holy city of Mecca, uses a chunk of its vast oil wealth to build schools around the world that promote Wahhabism, an interpretation of Islam that provides the ideological foundation for Islamic terrorism.  

Iran directly funds various terrorist groups, sponsors meetings of people who try to change history by denying that the [[Holocaust]] happened, and seeks nuclear weapons that it suggests it may use against Israel.  
  
To continue the story click on [[JewsAroundTheWorld]]

[翻译中。。。请等一个星期再看]

Saudi Arabia, which does not allow non-Muslims into the Muslim holy city of Mecca, uses a chunk of its vast oil wealth to build schools around the world that promote Wahhabism, an interpretation of Islam that provides the ideological foundation for Islamic terroristm.  

Iran directly funds various terrorist groups, sponsors meetings of people who try to change history by denying that the [[Holocaust]] happened, and seeks nuclear weapons that it suggests it may use against Israel.  
  
To continue the story click on [[JewsAroundTheWorld]]

继续看犹太人古现史, 请按 今世的犹太人[[JewsAroundTheWorld]]

第二个教堂

King Cyrus the Great of Persia (where Iran is now) conquered the Babylonian army and liberated the Jews.  In about 400 BCE many Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt the Temple that was the center of religious practice.  During this period, as Greek and later Roman influence grew and Jews spread through the Greek and Roman world, the [[Torah]] and then other related texts were [[translated into Greek]], the common language of intellectuals in that part of the world.  [[Hillel]] was a leading Rabbi of this time.  

To continue the story click on [[RomanConquest]]

佩如西亚的赛儒斯大王打败了巴比伦，解放了犹太人。公元前400年犹太人回以色列去了，重新建了教和社会中心的大教堂。因为希腊和罗马影响大了，托啦经和有关书本被翻译成当时有高文化水平的人用的希腊文。希累儿是第二个教堂的时期很有影响的托啦经老师。

继续请按 被罗马打败[[RomanConquest]]

http://www.chabad.org/generic_cdo/aid/365929/jewish/The-Synagogue.htm
http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/default_cdo/aid/591213/jewish/Video.htm

Other bite-size educational tools 
Rongzi?
Parsha / Commentary / Blog?
Links/People/Companies
News
similar bite-size China/Chinese School for Jews
meet?
501c3?
mw?
Pictures  
gaosu boke
Hanyu 
[[o]]
12/07/09 Weisz 提供早期在华犹太人中文版
11/30/09 Frederic Viey contributed http://sinozion.ning.com/forum/topics/scholars-and-french-notables/
11/29/09 Site moved to own domain.  
11/25/09 Weisz contributed [[JewsInShanghai]].  
11/19/09 Weisz contributed [[JewsInHarbin]]. Will try to translate >=1 section per day. 
11/18/09 Redid section after Israel, Translation got to Creation
11/17/09 托啦经的极缩解释翻成汉语了
11/16/09 Waiting for Messiah
11/15/09 Weisz contributed [[EncounterWithMissionaries]]
11/14/09 Provisional Rest of Story
11/12/09 Access issue resolved.     
11/11/09 China scholar Tiberiu Weisz contributed [[EarlyJewsInChina]].
11/6/09 Daole [[Israel]].     
11/5/09 The mountain went to [[MohammedAndArabia]].    
11/4/09 Preliminary [[Questions]] tiddlers filled.  
11/3/09 Some Chinese, SiteProgress, and Calendar teaser added.
11/2/09 Tiddlyspot site created.  [[StoryofTheJews]] initial headings selected.

for China/Chinese People & Jews 犹太人与华人交流与合作

SinoZion.com 犹闻为华

犹太人古现史

To start this extremely-abridged Story of the Jews, please click on [[Torah]] or jump ahead to another period...
[[Torah]] [[FirstTemple]] [[BabylonianExile]] [[SecondTemple]] [[RomanConquest]] [[EuropeBeforeEnlightenment]] [[MohammedAndArabia]] [[EarlyJewsInChina]] [[EnlightenmentAssimilationAndMarxism]] [[Zionism]] [[NaziParty]] [[Holocaust]] [[NaziMuslims]] [[Israel]] [[Struggle]]  [[SaudiWahhabismAndIranianTerrorism]]  [[JewsAroundTheWorld]] [[JewsInChinaRecently]] [[TheWorldToCome]]

This is a work in progress so please be patient. Please [[ContactUs]] with questions, comments, or to offer to help in any way. Thanks!

为了看此极为缩短犹太人之故事，请按托啦经[[Torah]]或挑另一个时期： 
托啦经[[Torah]] ， 第一个教堂[[FirstTemple]]，  被开除在巴比伦[[BabylonianExile]]，  第二个教堂[[SecondTemple]]，  被罗马打败[[RomanConquest]]， 
大光明前之欧洲[[EuropeBeforeEnlightenment]]，  穆哈姆得和阿拉伯[[MohammedAndArabia]]，  早到华犹太人[[EarlyJewsInChina]]， 
大光明同化与马克思主义[[EnlightenmentAssimilationAndMarxism]]，  重以主义[[Zionism]]，  纳粹党[[NaziParty]]， 消灭犹太人之阴谋[[Holocaust]]，  
纳粹穆斯林[[NaziMuslims]]， 以色列[[Israel]]，  奋斗 [[Struggle]]，  阿拉伯瓦哈布主义与伊朗恐怖主义[[SaudiWahhabismAndIranianTerrorism]]，   今世的犹太人[[JewsAroundTheWorld]]，  最近在华犹太人[[JewsInChinaRecently]]，  未来世界 [[TheWorldToCome]]

编写中。。。请再过几个星期回来！有什么回报或者愿意出手的话请跟我们联系: [[ContactUs]] 。谢谢！

奋斗

Israel is a tiny country with six million Jews among 500 million Arabs and other Muslims.  When the land called Palestine was divided into a state for the Jews (Israel) and a state for the Arabs in 1947, Palestinian Arabs rejected the idea that the Jews merit a state, and Israel's neighboring Arab states joined the Palestinian Arabs in waging war on Israel.  Arab states waged war on Israel repeatedly over subsequent decades instead of making peace with the idea that Jews are their equals. The most vile forms of antisemitism are still promulgated in state media even in states like Egypt that have nominally made peace with Israel. Egyptian cleric Muhammad Hussein Ya’qoub said on Al-Rahma TV on January 17, 2009 “You must believe that we will fight, defeat, and annihilate them, until not a single Jew remains on the face of the Earth.” (memritv.org) The Prime Minister of Malaysia (in Southeast Asia, far from the Mid-east) in his 2003 speech to the OIC (organization of Muslim states ) clarified the extent to which these countries seem to have nothing better to focus on than uniting against the Jews. Mahathir said: "To begin with, the Governments of all the Muslim countries can close ranks and have a common stand if not on all issues, at least on some major ones, such as on Palestine. We are all Muslims. We are all oppressed. We are all being humiliated. ...1.3 billion Muslims cannot be defeated by a few million Jews. There must be a way. ... The Quran tells us that when the enemy sues for peace we must react positively. True the treaty offered is not favourable to us. But we can negotiate. The Prophet did, at Hudaibiyah [a deceptive treaty]. And in the end he triumphed. ...[Jews] invented and successfully promoted Socialism, Communism, human rights and democracy so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong, so they may enjoy equal rights with others. With these they have now gained control of the most powerful countries and they, this tiny community, have become a world power. We cannot fight them through brawn alone. We must use our brains also. "  (Misguided New York Times columnist Paul Krugman praised Mahathir's speech and blamed his overt antisemitism on American policies.) Jew-scapegoating under the banner of “Palestinian human rights” shifts attention from Muslim government tyranny, persecution of minorities (not least the Darfur crisis!), and horrible social ills (military conscription of children, murder of homosexuals, genital mutilation of girls, rape, “honor killing” of rape victims or women considered too promiscuous, etc.). If Muslim countries actually helped the Palestinians Arabs by, say, resettling them as the million Jewish refugees from Arab countries were resettled, they would lose their rallying cry and their dagger at the heart of the cursed Jews.   

While Israel permits pro-Arab activism to the point of anti-Israel advocacy, tyrants and Jihadis use violence to intimidate those who might criticize the party line in Muslim countries. Where Arafat governed, foreign aid was diverted to his foreign personal bank accounts and dissenters were killed brutally and publicly; these Arabs now look to Hamas terrorists for values-based leadership. Muslim countries and radicals "successfully" use intimidation against non-Muslims as well.  Theo Van Gogh was murdered for his artistic critique of Islamic abuse of women. Violent riots and death threats resulted when Danish cartoonists dared merely to caricature the Muslim prophet. US media shied away from displaying the cartoons.  The same NY Times that, despite Jewish ownership, whitewashed the Holocaust (they wanted to be seen as a newspaper for everyone and were afraid of being seen as a Jewish paper), still tends to cover Israel-Palestinian issues as a story of an Israeli Goliath abusing an Arab David.  European media is even more unfair than US media in its biased coverage of Israel's self-defense.  

See [[Antisemitism]]

To continue the story click on [[SaudiWahhabismAndIranianTerrorism]] 

以色列是很小的只有六百万个犹太人的国家。五亿个阿拉伯人和其他穆斯林住在周围的中东国家。1947年当时叫巴勒斯坦的地块被分成属于犹太人的国家（以色列）与属于阿拉伯人的国家的时候，巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人不接受犹太人要得到属于犹太人的国家的现象，与周围的阿拉伯国家一起去侵略以色列。阿拉伯国家几十年里侵略了以色列几次而不愿意接受犹太人是与他们同等人。表面上正式与以色列达成了和平的国家仍然在推广最恶劣侮辱犹太人的书，演讲，等。2009年1月17日埃及穆斯林教士在埃及电视上说“我们必须得奋斗，打败，消灭他们一直到地球连一个犹太人还不存在为止。“（在memritv.org可以看到。）马来西亚（在东南亚，远离中东）首相在2003年对穆斯林国家大聚会表现这些国家没有比共同反对犹太人还有意义的方针。首相马哈提如讲 “ 穆斯林国家的政府不能对所有问题都有共同意见但至少在一些主要问题上，比如巴勒斯坦问题上，我们可以有共同的认识。我们都是穆斯林。我们都在受压迫。我们都在被侮辱。。。十三个亿姆瑟琳不会被几百万个犹太人打败了。一定有办法。古兰经告诉我们敌人要求和平的时候我们的反应必须是好听的。对我们提出的条约确实是不利的。可是我们会谈判。穆哈姆得就是这样做的在沪戴碧雅[他在那里签了骗人的盟约]。最后他成功了。 。。。 犹太人创造了并且提倡了社会主义，共产主义，人权，与民主，全是为了让他人觉得压迫他们是不对的，为了得到与其他人同等的权利。利用这些，他们得到了最强大的国家的控制，而他们，此及小的社会团体，成为了世界重大人之一。我们不能仅仅靠力量去对付他们。我们也得用头脑。“  (思路很歪的纽约时报评论家保罗库格曼却表扬此演讲而说马哈提如的明白的反犹太主义是美国政策的结果。）假称是以“巴勒斯坦民权“为目的的反以色列反犹太主义实际是为了避免人民把注意力集中在穆斯林国家的霸道，对异教与少数民族的压迫，以及非常恶劣的社会问题（让小孩子当兵， 杀死同性恋者，割掉女孩的阴道，强奸人，所谓“光荣杀死“被强奸的或者判断为太开放的女人，等）。假如穆斯林国家真的想帮助巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人，比如让他们移民而再静下来就像以色列让接近一百万个从阿拉伯国家来逃难的犹太人移民而再静下来，穆斯林国家就会失去他们的鼓起人的愤怒的工具，而失去他们针对犹太人的核心（以色列）的刀。

以色列允许支持阿拉伯人的活动。连很深地反对以色列的活动以色列都允许。在穆斯林国家独裁者或伊斯兰教积极分子利用暴力来威胁与他们观点不同的人，不接受任何支持犹太人的人的发言。 阿勒法特领导阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人的时后大部分其他国家提供给阿拉伯人的钱被转到阿勒法特国外的私人账户里面，而反对他的人公开狠狠地被杀死；那里的阿拉伯人现在想让哈马斯恐怖分子领导他们因为至少恐怖分子应该没有阿勒法特那么腐败。 穆斯林国家与积极分子“成功地“用暴力来威胁批评伊斯兰文化的人。荷兰人太欧万沟因为制造批评穆斯林对妇女的虐待而被杀死。丹麦报纸发表了讽刺穆斯林先知墓哈姆得的漫画的时候穆斯林积极分子进行了暴乱而有人被杀死。美国主流媒体都不敢发表此漫画。纽约时报因为不想让人把纽约时报当作犹太人的报纸而想让人把它当作所有人的报纸第二次世界大战的时后少发表了纳粹党的屠杀犹太人活动，现在讲以色列与阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人的冲突的时候老说成以色列在欺负阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人而少谈阿拉伯政府反对犹太人的奋斗。欧洲媒体对以色列更加不公平。

另参 反犹太主义[[Antisemitism]]

继续看犹太人古现史, 请按阿拉伯瓦哈布主义与伊朗恐怖主义[[SaudiWahhabismAndIranianTerrorism]]

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There are many dire crises in the world today.  There are also unparalleled opportunities for educational cooperation, and technology is increasing at an accelerating rate.  Our establishment of good relations between the great cultures of the world will determine whether we head to tyranny, famine, nuclear destruction, or to mutual understanding, cooperation, and peace.

Torah means "teaching," or "guidance", and the Torah is composed of these five books: [[Genesis]], [[Exodus]], [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]. 
Religious Jews claim it came from G-d to all the Jews at Mount Sinai around 1200 B[[CE]].  Scholars with a more academic view of things tend to think it was finally put together in the early [[SecondTemple]] period, about 400 BCE.  

Click on [[Genesis]] to continue...or jump ahead to [[Exodus]] [[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]].

A reliable Hebrew and English version is available at http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm, and English commentary for all levels is available at http://www.torah.org/learning/torahportion.php3.

‘托啦’的意思是‘道‘或‘指导’。 托啦经是由这五本所组成的：创世记[[Genesis]]出埃及记[[Exodus]]乐为记，数目记，与辞言记[[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]。
对深信着来说它是差不多公元前1200年在塞鼐山边上帝提供给所有犹太人的。一般对学术界的人来说它是第二个教堂[[SecondTemple]]早期差不多公元前400年才挑选编辑好的。

继续请按创世记[[Genesis]]或挑出埃及记[[Exodus]]或乐为数目与辞言[[LeviticusNumbersAndDeuteronomy]]

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'WelcomeToTiddlyspot':[
 "This document is a ~TiddlyWiki from tiddlyspot.com.  A ~TiddlyWiki is an electronic notebook that is great for managing todo lists, personal information, and all sorts of things.",
 "",
 "@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //What now?// &nbsp;&nbsp;@@ Before you can save any changes, you need to enter your password in the form below.  Then configure privacy and other site settings at your [[control panel|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/controlpanel]] (your control panel username is //" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + "//).",
 "<<tiddler TspotControls>>",
 "See also GettingStarted.",
 "",
 "@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Working online// &nbsp;&nbsp;@@ You can edit this ~TiddlyWiki right now, and save your changes using the \"save to web\" button in the column on the right.",
 "",
 "@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Working offline// &nbsp;&nbsp;@@ A fully functioning copy of this ~TiddlyWiki can be saved onto your hard drive or USB stick.  You can make changes and save them locally without being connected to the Internet.  When you're ready to sync up again, just click \"upload\" and your ~TiddlyWiki will be saved back to tiddlyspot.com.",
 "",
 "@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Help!// &nbsp;&nbsp;@@ Find out more about ~TiddlyWiki at [[TiddlyWiki.com|http://tiddlywiki.com]].  Also visit [[TiddlyWiki.org|http://tiddlywiki.org]] for documentation on learning and using ~TiddlyWiki. New users are especially welcome on the [[TiddlyWiki mailing list|http://groups.google.com/group/TiddlyWiki]], which is an excellent place to ask questions and get help.  If you have a tiddlyspot related problem email [[tiddlyspot support|mailto:support@tiddlyspot.com]].",
 "",
 "@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Enjoy :)// &nbsp;&nbsp;@@ We hope you like using your tiddlyspot.com site.  Please email [[feedback@tiddlyspot.com|mailto:feedback@tiddlyspot.com]] with any comments or suggestions."
].join("\n"),

'TspotControls':[
 "| tiddlyspot password:|<<option pasUploadPassword>>|",
 "| site management:|<<upload http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi index.html . .  " + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ">>//(requires tiddlyspot password)//<br>[[control panel|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/controlpanel]], [[download (go offline)|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/download]]|",
 "| links:|[[tiddlyspot.com|http://tiddlyspot.com/]], [[FAQs|http://faq.tiddlyspot.com/]], [[blog|http://tiddlyspot.blogspot.com/]], email [[support|mailto:support@tiddlyspot.com]] & [[feedback|mailto:feedback@tiddlyspot.com]], [[donate|http://tiddlyspot.com/?page=donate]]|"
].join("\n"),

'TspotSidebar':[
 "<<upload http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi index.html . .  " + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ">><html><a href='http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/download' class='button'>download</a></html>"
].join("\n"),

'TspotOptions':[
 "tiddlyspot password:",
 "<<option pasUploadPassword>>",
 ""
].join("\n")

});
//}}}

| !date | !user | !location | !storeUrl | !uploadDir | !toFilename | !backupdir | !origin |
| 15/12/2009 19:07:00 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 15/12/2009 19:11:21 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 15/12/2009 19:12:14 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 16/12/2009 14:59:29 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 16/12/2009 15:54:11 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 16/12/2009 17:13:59 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 17/12/2009 19:28:00 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 23/12/2009 01:18:19 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 23/12/2009 17:13:49 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 23/12/2009 17:22:01 | sinozion | [[/|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://sinozion.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |

/***
|''Name:''|UploadPlugin|
|''Description:''|Save to web a TiddlyWiki|
|''Version:''|4.1.3|
|''Date:''|Feb 24, 2008|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPlugin|
|''Documentation:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPluginDoc|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.2.0|
|''Requires:''|PasswordOptionPlugin|
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.UploadPlugin = {
	major: 4, minor: 1, revision: 3,
	date: new Date("Feb 24, 2008"),
	source: 'http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPlugin',
	author: 'BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info',
	coreVersion: '2.2.0'
};

//
// Environment
//

if (!window.bidix) window.bidix = {}; // bidix namespace
bidix.debugMode = false;	// true to activate both in Plugin and UploadService
	
//
// Upload Macro
//

config.macros.upload = {
// default values
	defaultBackupDir: '',	//no backup
	defaultStoreScript: "store.php",
	defaultToFilename: "index.html",
	defaultUploadDir: ".",
	authenticateUser: true	// UploadService Authenticate User
};
	
config.macros.upload.label = {
	promptOption: "Save and Upload this TiddlyWiki with UploadOptions",
	promptParamMacro: "Save and Upload this TiddlyWiki in %0",
	saveLabel: "save to web", 
	saveToDisk: "save to disk",
	uploadLabel: "upload"	
};

config.macros.upload.messages = {
	noStoreUrl: "No store URL in parmeters or options",
	usernameOrPasswordMissing: "Username or password missing"
};

config.macros.upload.handler = function(place,macroName,params) {
	if (readOnly)
		return;
	var label;
	if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http") 
		label = this.label.saveLabel;
	else
		label = this.label.uploadLabel;
	var prompt;
	if (params[0]) {
		prompt = this.label.promptParamMacro.toString().format([this.destFile(params[0], 
			(params[1] ? params[1]:bidix.basename(window.location.toString())), params[3])]);
	} else {
		prompt = this.label.promptOption;
	}
	createTiddlyButton(place, label, prompt, function() {config.macros.upload.action(params);}, null, null, this.accessKey);
};

config.macros.upload.action = function(params)
{
		// for missing macro parameter set value from options
		if (!params) params = {};
		var storeUrl = params[0] ? params[0] : config.options.txtUploadStoreUrl;
		var toFilename = params[1] ? params[1] : config.options.txtUploadFilename;
		var backupDir = params[2] ? params[2] : config.options.txtUploadBackupDir;
		var uploadDir = params[3] ? params[3] : config.options.txtUploadDir;
		var username = params[4] ? params[4] : config.options.txtUploadUserName;
		var password = config.options.pasUploadPassword; // for security reason no password as macro parameter	
		// for still missing parameter set default value
		if ((!storeUrl) && (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http")) 
			storeUrl = bidix.dirname(document.location.toString())+'/'+config.macros.upload.defaultStoreScript;
		if (storeUrl.substr(0,4) != "http")
			storeUrl = bidix.dirname(document.location.toString()) +'/'+ storeUrl;
		if (!toFilename)
			toFilename = bidix.basename(window.location.toString());
		if (!toFilename)
			toFilename = config.macros.upload.defaultToFilename;
		if (!uploadDir)
			uploadDir = config.macros.upload.defaultUploadDir;
		if (!backupDir)
			backupDir = config.macros.upload.defaultBackupDir;
		// report error if still missing
		if (!storeUrl) {
			alert(config.macros.upload.messages.noStoreUrl);
			clearMessage();
			return false;
		}
		if (config.macros.upload.authenticateUser && (!username || !password)) {
			alert(config.macros.upload.messages.usernameOrPasswordMissing);
			clearMessage();
			return false;
		}
		bidix.upload.uploadChanges(false,null,storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir, backupDir, username, password); 
		return false; 
};

config.macros.upload.destFile = function(storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir) 
{
	if (!storeUrl)
		return null;
		var dest = bidix.dirname(storeUrl);
		if (uploadDir && uploadDir != '.')
			dest = dest + '/' + uploadDir;
		dest = dest + '/' + toFilename;
	return dest;
};

//
// uploadOptions Macro
//

config.macros.uploadOptions = {
	handler: function(place,macroName,params) {
		var wizard = new Wizard();
		wizard.createWizard(place,this.wizardTitle);
		wizard.addStep(this.step1Title,this.step1Html);
		var markList = wizard.getElement("markList");
		var listWrapper = document.createElement("div");
		markList.parentNode.insertBefore(listWrapper,markList);
		wizard.setValue("listWrapper",listWrapper);
		this.refreshOptions(listWrapper,false);
		var uploadCaption;
		if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http") 
			uploadCaption = config.macros.upload.label.saveLabel;
		else
			uploadCaption = config.macros.upload.label.uploadLabel;
		
		wizard.setButtons([
				{caption: uploadCaption, tooltip: config.macros.upload.label.promptOption, 
					onClick: config.macros.upload.action},
				{caption: this.cancelButton, tooltip: this.cancelButtonPrompt, onClick: this.onCancel}
				
			]);
	},
	options: [
		"txtUploadUserName",
		"pasUploadPassword",
		"txtUploadStoreUrl",
		"txtUploadDir",
		"txtUploadFilename",
		"txtUploadBackupDir",
		"chkUploadLog",
		"txtUploadLogMaxLine"		
	],
	refreshOptions: function(listWrapper) {
		var opts = [];
		for(i=0; i<this.options.length; i++) {
			var opt = {};
			opts.push();
			opt.option = "";
			n = this.options[i];
			opt.name = n;
			opt.lowlight = !config.optionsDesc[n];
			opt.description = opt.lowlight ? this.unknownDescription : config.optionsDesc[n];
			opts.push(opt);
		}
		var listview = ListView.create(listWrapper,opts,this.listViewTemplate);
		for(n=0; n<opts.length; n++) {
			var type = opts[n].name.substr(0,3);
			var h = config.macros.option.types[type];
			if (h && h.create) {
				h.create(opts[n].colElements['option'],type,opts[n].name,opts[n].name,"no");
			}
		}
		
	},
	onCancel: function(e)
	{
		backstage.switchTab(null);
		return false;
	},
	
	wizardTitle: "Upload with options",
	step1Title: "These options are saved in cookies in your browser",
	step1Html: "<input type='hidden' name='markList'></input><br>",
	cancelButton: "Cancel",
	cancelButtonPrompt: "Cancel prompt",
	listViewTemplate: {
		columns: [
			{name: 'Description', field: 'description', title: "Description", type: 'WikiText'},
			{name: 'Option', field: 'option', title: "Option", type: 'String'},
			{name: 'Name', field: 'name', title: "Name", type: 'String'}
			],
		rowClasses: [
			{className: 'lowlight', field: 'lowlight'} 
			]}
};

//
// upload functions
//

if (!bidix.upload) bidix.upload = {};

if (!bidix.upload.messages) bidix.upload.messages = {
	//from saving
	invalidFileError: "The original file '%0' does not appear to be a valid TiddlyWiki",
	backupSaved: "Backup saved",
	backupFailed: "Failed to upload backup file",
	rssSaved: "RSS feed uploaded",
	rssFailed: "Failed to upload RSS feed file",
	emptySaved: "Empty template uploaded",
	emptyFailed: "Failed to upload empty template file",
	mainSaved: "Main TiddlyWiki file uploaded",
	mainFailed: "Failed to upload main TiddlyWiki file. Your changes have not been saved",
	//specific upload
	loadOriginalHttpPostError: "Can't get original file",
	aboutToSaveOnHttpPost: 'About to upload on %0 ...',
	storePhpNotFound: "The store script '%0' was not found."
};

bidix.upload.uploadChanges = function(onlyIfDirty,tiddlers,storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir,backupDir,username,password)
{
	var callback = function(status,uploadParams,original,url,xhr) {
		if (!status) {
			displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.loadOriginalHttpPostError);
			return;
		}
		if (bidix.debugMode) 
			alert(original.substr(0,500)+"\n...");
		// Locate the storeArea div's 
		var posDiv = locateStoreArea(original);
		if((posDiv[0] == -1) || (posDiv[1] == -1)) {
			alert(config.messages.invalidFileError.format([localPath]));
			return;
		}
		bidix.upload.uploadRss(uploadParams,original,posDiv);
	};
	
	if(onlyIfDirty && !store.isDirty())
		return;
	clearMessage();
	// save on localdisk ?
	if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "file") {
		var path = document.location.toString();
		var localPath = getLocalPath(path);
		saveChanges();
	}
	// get original
	var uploadParams = new Array(storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir,backupDir,username,password);
	var originalPath = document.location.toString();
	// If url is a directory : add index.html
	if (originalPath.charAt(originalPath.length-1) == "/")
		originalPath = originalPath + "index.html";
	var dest = config.macros.upload.destFile(storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir);
	var log = new bidix.UploadLog();
	log.startUpload(storeUrl, dest, uploadDir,  backupDir);
	displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.aboutToSaveOnHttpPost.format([dest]));
	if (bidix.debugMode) 
		alert("about to execute Http - GET on "+originalPath);
	var r = doHttp("GET",originalPath,null,null,username,password,callback,uploadParams,null);
	if (typeof r == "string")
		displayMessage(r);
	return r;
};

bidix.upload.uploadRss = function(uploadParams,original,posDiv) 
{
	var callback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
		if(status) {
			var destfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("destfile:")+9,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("destfile:")));
			displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.rssSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+destfile);
			bidix.upload.uploadMain(params[0],params[1],params[2]);
		} else {
			displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.rssFailed);			
		}
	};
	// do uploadRss
	if(config.options.chkGenerateAnRssFeed) {
		var rssPath = uploadParams[1].substr(0,uploadParams[1].lastIndexOf(".")) + ".xml";
		var rssUploadParams = new Array(uploadParams[0],rssPath,uploadParams[2],'',uploadParams[4],uploadParams[5]);
		var rssString = generateRss();
		// no UnicodeToUTF8 conversion needed when location is "file" !!!
		if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) != "file")
			rssString = convertUnicodeToUTF8(rssString);	
		bidix.upload.httpUpload(rssUploadParams,rssString,callback,Array(uploadParams,original,posDiv));
	} else {
		bidix.upload.uploadMain(uploadParams,original,posDiv);
	}
};

bidix.upload.uploadMain = function(uploadParams,original,posDiv) 
{
	var callback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
		var log = new bidix.UploadLog();
		if(status) {
			// if backupDir specified
			if ((params[3]) && (responseText.indexOf("backupfile:") > -1))  {
				var backupfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("backupfile:")+11,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("backupfile:")));
				displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.backupSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+backupfile);
			}
			var destfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("destfile:")+9,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("destfile:")));
			displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.mainSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+destfile);
			store.setDirty(false);
			log.endUpload("ok");
		} else {
			alert(bidix.upload.messages.mainFailed);
			displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.mainFailed);
			log.endUpload("failed");			
		}
	};
	// do uploadMain
	var revised = bidix.upload.updateOriginal(original,posDiv);
	bidix.upload.httpUpload(uploadParams,revised,callback,uploadParams);
};

bidix.upload.httpUpload = function(uploadParams,data,callback,params)
{
	var localCallback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
		url = (url.indexOf("nocache=") < 0 ? url : url.substring(0,url.indexOf("nocache=")-1));
		if (xhr.status == 404)
			alert(bidix.upload.messages.storePhpNotFound.format([url]));
		if ((bidix.debugMode) || (responseText.indexOf("Debug mode") >= 0 )) {
			alert(responseText);
			if (responseText.indexOf("Debug mode") >= 0 )
				responseText = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("\n\n")+2);
		} else if (responseText.charAt(0) != '0') 
			alert(responseText);
		if (responseText.charAt(0) != '0')
			status = null;
		callback(status,params,responseText,url,xhr);
	};
	// do httpUpload
	var boundary = "---------------------------"+"AaB03x";	
	var uploadFormName = "UploadPlugin";
	// compose headers data
	var sheader = "";
	sheader += "--" + boundary + "\r\nContent-disposition: form-data; name=\"";
	sheader += uploadFormName +"\"\r\n\r\n";
	sheader += "backupDir="+uploadParams[3] +
				";user=" + uploadParams[4] +
				";password=" + uploadParams[5] +
				";uploaddir=" + uploadParams[2];
	if (bidix.debugMode)
		sheader += ";debug=1";
	sheader += ";;\r\n"; 
	sheader += "\r\n" + "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
	sheader += "Content-disposition: form-data; name=\"userfile\"; filename=\""+uploadParams[1]+"\"\r\n";
	sheader += "Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8" + "\r\n";
	sheader += "Content-Length: " + data.length + "\r\n\r\n";
	// compose trailer data
	var strailer = new String();
	strailer = "\r\n--" + boundary + "--\r\n";
	data = sheader + data + strailer;
	if (bidix.debugMode) alert("about to execute Http - POST on "+uploadParams[0]+"\n with \n"+data.substr(0,500)+ " ... ");
	var r = doHttp("POST",uploadParams[0],data,"multipart/form-data; ;charset=UTF-8; boundary="+boundary,uploadParams[4],uploadParams[5],localCallback,params,null);
	if (typeof r == "string")
		displayMessage(r);
	return r;
};

// same as Saving's updateOriginal but without convertUnicodeToUTF8 calls
bidix.upload.updateOriginal = function(original, posDiv)
{
	if (!posDiv)
		posDiv = locateStoreArea(original);
	if((posDiv[0] == -1) || (posDiv[1] == -1)) {
		alert(config.messages.invalidFileError.format([localPath]));
		return;
	}
	var revised = original.substr(0,posDiv[0] + startSaveArea.length) + "\n" +
				store.allTiddlersAsHtml() + "\n" +
				original.substr(posDiv[1]);
	var newSiteTitle = getPageTitle().htmlEncode();
	revised = revised.replaceChunk("<title"+">","</title"+">"," " + newSiteTitle + " ");
	revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"PRE-HEAD","MarkupPreHead");
	revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"POST-HEAD","MarkupPostHead");
	revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"PRE-BODY","MarkupPreBody");
	revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"POST-SCRIPT","MarkupPostBody");
	return revised;
};

//
// UploadLog
// 
// config.options.chkUploadLog :
//		false : no logging
//		true : logging
// config.options.txtUploadLogMaxLine :
//		-1 : no limit
//      0 :  no Log lines but UploadLog is still in place
//		n :  the last n lines are only kept
//		NaN : no limit (-1)

bidix.UploadLog = function() {
	if (!config.options.chkUploadLog) 
		return; // this.tiddler = null
	this.tiddler = store.getTiddler("UploadLog");
	if (!this.tiddler) {
		this.tiddler = new Tiddler();
		this.tiddler.title = "UploadLog";
		this.tiddler.text = "| !date | !user | !location | !storeUrl | !uploadDir | !toFilename | !backupdir | !origin |";
		this.tiddler.created = new Date();
		this.tiddler.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;
		this.tiddler.modified = new Date();
		store.addTiddler(this.tiddler);
	}
	return this;
};

bidix.UploadLog.prototype.addText = function(text) {
	if (!this.tiddler)
		return;
	// retrieve maxLine when we need it
	var maxLine = parseInt(config.options.txtUploadLogMaxLine,10);
	if (isNaN(maxLine))
		maxLine = -1;
	// add text
	if (maxLine != 0) 
		this.tiddler.text = this.tiddler.text + text;
	// Trunck to maxLine
	if (maxLine >= 0) {
		var textArray = this.tiddler.text.split('\n');
		if (textArray.length > maxLine + 1)
			textArray.splice(1,textArray.length-1-maxLine);
			this.tiddler.text = textArray.join('\n');		
	}
	// update tiddler fields
	this.tiddler.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;
	this.tiddler.modified = new Date();
	store.addTiddler(this.tiddler);
	// refresh and notifiy for immediate update
	story.refreshTiddler(this.tiddler.title);
	store.notify(this.tiddler.title, true);
};

bidix.UploadLog.prototype.startUpload = function(storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir,  backupDir) {
	if (!this.tiddler)
		return;
	var now = new Date();
	var text = "\n| ";
	var filename = bidix.basename(document.location.toString());
	if (!filename) filename = '/';
	text += now.formatString("0DD/0MM/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss") +" | ";
	text += config.options.txtUserName + " | ";
	text += "[["+filename+"|"+location + "]] |";
	text += " [[" + bidix.basename(storeUrl) + "|" + storeUrl + "]] | ";
	text += uploadDir + " | ";
	text += "[[" + bidix.basename(toFilename) + " | " +toFilename + "]] | ";
	text += backupDir + " |";
	this.addText(text);
};

bidix.UploadLog.prototype.endUpload = function(status) {
	if (!this.tiddler)
		return;
	this.addText(" "+status+" |");
};

//
// Utilities
// 

bidix.checkPlugin = function(plugin, major, minor, revision) {
	var ext = version.extensions[plugin];
	if (!
		(ext  && 
			((ext.major > major) || 
			((ext.major == major) && (ext.minor > minor))  ||
			((ext.major == major) && (ext.minor == minor) && (ext.revision >= revision))))) {
			// write error in PluginManager
			if (pluginInfo)
				pluginInfo.log.push("Requires " + plugin + " " + major + "." + minor + "." + revision);
			eval(plugin); // generate an error : "Error: ReferenceError: xxxx is not defined"
	}
};

bidix.dirname = function(filePath) {
	if (!filePath) 
		return;
	var lastpos;
	if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("/")) != -1) {
		return filePath.substring(0, lastpos);
	} else {
		return filePath.substring(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("\\"));
	}
};

bidix.basename = function(filePath) {
	if (!filePath) 
		return;
	var lastpos;
	if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("#")) != -1) 
		filePath = filePath.substring(0, lastpos);
	if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("/")) != -1) {
		return filePath.substring(lastpos + 1);
	} else
		return filePath.substring(filePath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
};

bidix.initOption = function(name,value) {
	if (!config.options[name])
		config.options[name] = value;
};

//
// Initializations
//

// require PasswordOptionPlugin 1.0.1 or better
bidix.checkPlugin("PasswordOptionPlugin", 1, 0, 1);

// styleSheet
setStylesheet('.txtUploadStoreUrl, .txtUploadBackupDir, .txtUploadDir {width: 22em;}',"uploadPluginStyles");

//optionsDesc
merge(config.optionsDesc,{
	txtUploadStoreUrl: "Url of the UploadService script (default: store.php)",
	txtUploadFilename: "Filename of the uploaded file (default: in index.html)",
	txtUploadDir: "Relative Directory where to store the file (default: . (downloadService directory))",
	txtUploadBackupDir: "Relative Directory where to backup the file. If empty no backup. (default: ''(empty))",
	txtUploadUserName: "Upload Username",
	pasUploadPassword: "Upload Password",
	chkUploadLog: "do Logging in UploadLog (default: true)",
	txtUploadLogMaxLine: "Maximum of lines in UploadLog (default: 10)"
});

// Options Initializations
bidix.initOption('txtUploadStoreUrl','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadFilename','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadDir','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadBackupDir','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadUserName','');
bidix.initOption('pasUploadPassword','');
bidix.initOption('chkUploadLog',true);
bidix.initOption('txtUploadLogMaxLine','10');


// Backstage
merge(config.tasks,{
	uploadOptions: {text: "upload", tooltip: "Change UploadOptions and Upload", content: '<<uploadOptions>>'}
});
config.backstageTasks.push("uploadOptions");


//}}}

犹太大师希累儿与儒家大师孔子有什么共同之处？

Confucius' Golden Rule (己所不欲勿施于人) was surely plagiarized (just kidding!) by Hillel when he responded to a request to summarize the [[Torah]] by saying "That which is abhorrent to you, do not do unto others.  The rest is commentary.  Now go study."  Hillel also said such wise things as "If I am not for me, who will be? If I am only for me, what am I?  If not now, when?" 

犹太圣人希累儿曰： “如果我不是为了自己，谁会为了我？如果我只是为了自己而不是为了他人，我又是什么东西？如果行动的时间不是现在，还会是什么时候呢？”
别人让他把托啦经简化万倍时，他说 “己所不欲勿施于人。更细的评论你去学习吧。‘’

5770 年前发生了什么重大事情？

According to Jewish tradition, this year is Year 5770.  What happened five thousand seven hundred seventy years ago?  The answer is in the [[Genesis]] link within the [[Torah]] link in the [[StoryofTheJews]] below.

The story will also answer the questions of "What happened around 2,010 years ago?" (this is around the Year 2010 [[CE]]) and "What started the  Muslim calendar (1340 or so years ago)?".  It is also intended to provide a basic answer to questions from "Why do Jews practice [[Circumcision]]?"  to  "Why is [[Israel]] in the news so much?"   While this site was inspired by [[Questions]] from Chinese friends, it may also be of interest to anybody who has not focused on these questions until now.  This is a work in progress so please be patient.  Please email admin@sinozion.com to say you like this site or send questions or comments, or to offer to help in any way.  Thanks!   

按照犹太人的月历今年是五千七百七十年。 从什么事件算起，您知道吗？答案在以下的创世记([[Genesis]])，在犹太人古现史([[StoryofTheJews]])之托啦经([[Torah]])之内。

此故事同时会回答”2010年前发生了什么？“（今年差不多是公元2010年）、”穆斯林月历的开始是为了纪念什么事件？“ 等历史问题，也会提供“为什么犹太人有割包皮 [[Circumcision]]的传统？“为什么新闻媒体老讨论以色列[[Israel]]？”等社会文化问题的简单答案。 此站是中国朋友常问的问题引起的，可对一般至今没有在这些问题上把注意力集中过的人也会有兴趣。仍在编写翻译中，请保持耐心。如果您喜欢此站或有什么回报或者愿意帮助我们的话请跟我们联系: admin@sinozion.com。

Jews believe that if Jews act like "a nation of priests", in a time of crisis (for Jews and/or mankind), G-d will send a redeemer.  Ancient Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva mistakenly believed a military leader named Bar Kochba was the Messiah. Early Christian Jews (and later Christians) believed (and believe) Jesus was the Messiah.  Many middle-age Jews thought a man named Shabtai Sevi was the Messiah.  Karl Marx took on a secular messianic mission in his life.  False messiahs have caused great disappointment and destruction for the Jews.  Jews still believe that during some crisis in the future, or in the present, good deeds and prayer will bring a new age of peace and harmony.     
See [[TheWorldToCome]]

犹太人是什么人？

A Jew is a member of the legal, moral and social tradition of healing the world mostly descended from the tribes of Judah and Levi described in the [[Torah]].  
See [[StoryofTheJews]] and [[Jew]] 

犹太人是托啦经[[Torah]]的完成世界改善计划的法律，道德，社会传统的分子。 大部分是多啦经的犹大族以及乐为族的后代。
请看[[StoryofTheJews]](犹太人古现史)， 以及 [[Jew]](犹太人)

犹太人，基督教/天主教徒，穆斯林 有什么区别？

There's nothing fundamentally different between people.  We all have the capacity to be good or not.  According to Jewish tradition, Jews should act in accordance with certain recognized legal and moral codes to build community and heal the world.  Jews believe that if Jesus existed at all, he was a fairly normal Jew of his time (around the Year 0 [[CE]]).  Christianity started off as a branch of Judaism, among Jews, but after Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, in about Year 315 CE, Christians believed that Christianity was supposed to replace Judaism, that Jesus was not just a human but was some combination of G-d and the son of G-d, and that believing in Jesus assures your soul a place in heaven irrespective of the travails of this world.  In the seventh century of the Common Era, Muhammed told his followers that Jews and Christians both had it a bit wrong and that he was G-d's final prophet.  His followers conquered many nations in the name of Islam.

"The Covenant and the Mandate of Heaven" http://www.bookfinder4u.com/detail/0595444504.html is an in depth cultural analysis between Judaism and China.

More on this to be added soon.

MDJ

重以主义

Even before the idea of Jews rebuilding a Jewish state in Israel became popular among Jews, some of the founders of the United States of America, and many Americans over the years, looked upon the project of building America as similar to that of Jews returning from BabylonianExile to Israel, and these Americans provided financial and moral support for the idea of Jews reconstructing their own state.   

Theodore Hertzl was a normal secular European Jew who, like other European Jews of the late 1800s, thought the Jewish dream to  return to Zion (Israel)  was something only for prayers, not something that serious people should act upon.  Like many other Europeans of his time he had Socialist dreams for humanity, and he considered himself not so much a Jew as a human like any other.  But when he witnessed the outburst of French Antisemitism manifested in the [[Dreyfus Affair]], he realized assimilation would not be a sufficient answer to the JewishQuestion.  He initiated conferences and campaigns to move the Jews out of Europe, and attain for the Jews an independent Jewish state.  This would be the only way to protect Jewish lives.  Substantial Jewish migration to Israel from Europe and neighboring Arab states began in the early 20th Century, and by 1917 England (which controlled the area which was then called Palestine, but is now called Israel and Jordan) declared the Jews would have a part of  Palestine for self-government.  

To continue the story click on [[NaziParty]]

在犹太人重新

在重新建立犹太人的国家在以色列这个主意还没有在犹太人圈子里变得流行，美国的一些国父与一些其他美国人因为把建立美国看上去好像犹太人被开除在巴比伦回到以色列重新建国的工程，经济上与思想上支持犹太人实行这么一个重新建立以色列项目。

何子勒是19世纪末平凡的不太重视宗教规矩的欧洲犹太人。他把重新建立犹太人的国家这个犹太人快两千年的梦也当作该思考而不该认真的实行的一个念头而已。他觉得社会主义会对人类的发展有很大的贡献。他把自己也当作平凡的人而不太重视他的犹太人身份。可是他看到了杜雷夫事件[[Dreyfus Affair]]名名白白地表现法国人对犹太人的歧视，他注意到了被同化也不会解决在欧洲的犹太人的问题。  于是他举办了研讨会等活动来进行犹太人离开欧洲建立属于犹太人的公平的独立的国家这么一个运动。此运动就叫Zionism.  这是保护犹太人的生命的必要的选择。 20世纪初犹太人开始大量从欧洲和以色列周围的阿拉伯国家搬到以色列去了。 1917年当时控制该土地（那时叫巴勒斯坦，现在叫以色列与约旦)发表了声明说此地将来会包括犹太人自治的国家。

继续请按纳粹党[[NaziParty]]

[[p]]

http://torah.org

Shabbat [[songs]]
Parsha [[study]] 
[[Prayer]]
[[Services]]

http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/265778/jewish/The-Grace-After-Meals-IV.htm
http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/265772/jewish/Eishes-Chayil.htm
http://www.ketubotbynaomi.com/women_of_valor_m.jpg

http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3171/jewish/Vayeira.htm
http://www.torah.org/learning/torahportion.php3
http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/325224/jewish/Vayeira-In-Depth.htm

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint#Jewish_use:
["LXX" here is shorthand for the "Septuagint" (the earliest Greek translation of the Torah)]
 
"In the 3rd century BC, most Jewish communities were located in the Hellenistic world where Greek was the lingua franca. It is believed that the LXX was produced because many Jews outside of Judea needed a Greek version of the scripture for use during synagogue readings[18][19] or for religious study.[20] Some theorise that Hellenistic Jews intended the septuagint as a contribution to Hellenistic culture.[3] Alexandria held the greatest diaspora Jewish community of the age and was also a great center of Greek letters. Alexandria is thus likely the site of LXX authorship, a notion supported by the legend of Ptolemy and the 72 scholars.[21] The Septuagint enjoyed widespread use in the Hellenistic Jewish diaspora and even in Jerusalem, which had become a rather cosmopolitan (and therefore Greek-speaking) town. Both Philo and Josephus show a reliance on the Septuagint in their citations of Jewish scripture.

Starting approximately in the 2nd century AD (see also Council of Jamnia), several factors led most Jews to abandon use of the LXX. The earliest gentile Christians of necessity used the LXX, as it was at the time the only Greek version of the bible, and most, if not all, of these early non-Jewish Christians could not read Hebrew. The association of the LXX with a rival religion may have rendered it suspect in the eyes of the newer generation of Jews and Jewish scholars.[4] Perhaps more importantly, the Greek language—and therefore the Greek Bible—declined among Jews after most of them fled from the Greek-speaking eastern Roman Empire into the Aramaic-speaking Persian Empire when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans. Instead, Jews used Hebrew/Aramaic Targum manuscripts later compiled by the Masoretes; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.[22]

What was perhaps most significant for the LXX, as distinct from other Greek versions, was that the LXX began to lose Jewish sanction after differences between it and contemporary Hebrew scriptures were discovered. Even Greek-speaking Jews — such as those remaining in Palestine — tended less to the LXX, preferring other Jewish versions in Greek, such as that of Aquila, which seemed to be more concordant with contemporary Hebrew texts.[4] While Jews have not used the LXX in worship or religious study since the second century AD, recent scholarship has brought renewed interest in it in Judaic Studies."

[[StoryofTheJews]]          犹太人古现史
[[Questions]]                  问题
[[JewsInChina]]               在华犹太人
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[[ContactUs]]                  联系我们